The Inference Report

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) aims to identify and restructure automatic negative thoughts pertaining to involuntary interpretations of events, yet existing counseling agents struggle to identify and address them in dialogue settings. To bridge this gap, we introduce STEP, a dataset that models CBT counseling by explicitly reflecting automatic thoughts alongside dynamic, action-level counseling sequences. Using this dataset, we train STEPPER, a counseling agent that proactively elicits automatic thoughts and executes cognitively grounded interventions. To further enhance both decision accuracy and empathic responsiveness, we refine STEPPER through preference learning based on simulated, synthesized counseling sessions. Extensive CBT-aligned evaluations show that STEPPER delivers more clinically grounded, coherent, and personalized counseling compared to other strong baseline models, and achieves higher counselor competence without inducing emotional disruption.

Reliable pattern recognition systems should exhibit consistent behavior across similar inputs, and their explanations should remain stable. However, most Explainable AI evaluations remain instance centric and do not explicitly quantify whether attribution patterns are consistent across samples that share the same class or represent small variations of the same input. In this work, we propose a novel metric aimed at assessing the consistency of model explanations, ensuring that models consistently reflect the intended objectives and consistency under label-preserving perturbations. We implement this metric using a pre-trained BERT model on the SST-2 sentiment analysis dataset, with additional robustness tests on RoBERTa, DistilBERT, and IMDB, applying SHAP to compute feature importance for various test samples. The proposed metric quantifies the cosine similarity of SHAP values for inputs with the same label, aiming to detect inconsistent behaviors, such as biased reliance on certain features or failure to maintain consistent reasoning for similar predictions. Through a series of experiments, we evaluate the ability of this metric to identify misaligned predictions and inconsistencies in model explanations. These experiments are compared against standard fidelity metrics to assess whether the new metric can effectively identify when a model's behavior deviates from its intended objectives. The proposed framework provides a deeper understanding of model behavior by enabling more robust verification of rationale stability, which is critical for building trustworthy AI systems. By quantifying whether models rely on consistent attribution patterns for similar inputs, the proposed approach supports more robust evaluation of model behavior in practical pattern recognition pipelines. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/anmspro/ESS-XAI-Stability.

This paper identifies a structural limitation in current multimodal AI architectures that is topological rather than parametric. Contrastive alignment (CLIP), cross-attention fusion (GPT-4V/Gemini), and diffusion-based generation share a common geometric prior -- modal separability -- which we term contact topology. The argument rests on three pillars with philosophy as the generative center. The philosophical pillar reinterprets Wittgenstein's saying/showing distinction as a problem rather than a conclusion: where Wittgenstein chose silence, the Chinese craft epistemology tradition responded with xiang (operative schema) -- the third state emerging when saying and showing interpenetrate. A cruciform framework (dao/qi x saying/showing) positions xiang at the intersection, executing dual huacai (transformation-and-cutting) along both axes. This generates a dual-layer dynamics: chuanghua (creative transformation as spontaneous event) and huacai (its institutionalization into repeatable form). The cognitive science pillar reinterprets DMN/ECN/SN tripartite co-activation through the pathological mirror: overlap isomorphism vs. superimposition collapse in a 2D parameter space (coupling intensity x regulatory capacity). The mathematical pillar formalizes these via fiber bundles and Yang-Mills curvature, with the cruciform structure mapped to fiber bundle language. We propose UOO implementation via Neural ODEs with topological regularization, the ANALOGY-MM benchmark with error-type-ratio metric, and the META-TOP three-tier benchmark testing cross-civilizational topological isomorphism across seven archetypes. A phased experimental roadmap with explicit termination criteria ensures clean exit if falsified.

Evaluating retail strategies before deployment is difficult, as outcomes are determined across multiple stages, from seller-side persuasion through buyer-seller interaction to purchase decisions. However, existing retail simulators capture only partial aspects of this process and do not model cross-stage dependencies, making it difficult to assess how early decisions affect downstream outcomes. We present RetailSim, an end-to-end retail simulation framework that models this pipeline in a unified environment, explicitly designed for simulation fidelity through diverse product spaces, persona-driven agents, and multi-turn interactions. We evaluate RetailSim with a dual protocol comprising human evaluation of behavioral fidelity and meta-evaluation against real-world economic regularities, showing that it successfully reproduces key patterns such as demographic purchasing behavior, the price-demand relationship, and heterogeneous price elasticity. We further demonstrate its practical utility via decision-oriented use cases, including persona inference, seller-buyer interaction analysis, and sales strategy evaluation, showing RetailSim's potential as a controlled testbed for exploring retail strategies.

Learners' use of video controls in educational videos provides implicit signals of cognitive processing and instructional design quality, yet the lack of scalable and explainable predictive models limits instructors' ability to anticipate such behavior before deployment. We propose a scalable, interpretable pipeline for predicting population-level watching, pausing, skipping, and rewinding behavior as proxies for cognitive load from video content alone. Our approach leverages multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to compute embeddings of short video segments and trains a neural classifier to identify temporally fine-grained interaction peaks. Drawing from multimedia learning theory on instructional design for optimal cognitive load, we code features of the video segments using GPT-5 and employ them as a basis for interpreting model predictions via concept activation vectors. We evaluate our pipeline on 77 million video control events from 66 online courses. Our findings demonstrate that classifiers based on MLLM embeddings reliably predict interaction peaks, generalize to unseen academic fields, and encode interpretable, theory-relevant instructional concepts. Overall, our results show the feasibility of cost-efficient, interpretable pre-screening of educational video design and open new opportunities to empirically examine multimedia learning theory at scale.

Deep research agents (DRAs) integrate LLM reasoning with external tools. Memory systems enable DRAs to leverage historical experiences, which are essential for efficient reasoning and autonomous evolution. Existing methods rely on retrieving similar trajectories from memory to aid reasoning, while suffering from key limitations of ineffective memory evolution and increasing storage and retrieval costs. To address these problems, we propose a novel Memory Intelligence Agent (MIA) framework, consisting of a Manager-Planner-Executor architecture. Memory Manager is a non-parametric memory system that can store compressed historical search trajectories. Planner is a parametric memory agent that can produce search plans for questions. Executor is another agent that can search and analyze information guided by the search plan. To build the MIA framework, we first adopt an alternating reinforcement learning paradigm to enhance cooperation between the Planner and the Executor. Furthermore, we enable the Planner to continuously evolve during test-time learning, with updates performed on-the-fly alongside inference without interrupting the reasoning process. Additionally, we establish a bidirectional conversion loop between parametric and non-parametric memories to achieve efficient memory evolution. Finally, we incorporate a reflection and an unsupervised judgment mechanisms to boost reasoning and self-evolution in the open world. Extensive experiments across eleven benchmarks demonstrate the superiority of MIA.